Austin Training Entrance Practice Exam

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• Why is it important for manufacturers to obtain FDA approval?
• Where does depolarization primarily occur during the stimulation process?
• In a chronic pain state, the DRG firing threshold is characterized as?
• How many electrodes does the Axium slim tip lead contain?
• Which pathway is responsible for controlling pain perception?
• Patients should be placed in which position prior to programming in Burst?
• In a bi-pole or dual lesion setup, how does the doctor place the needles?
• What is one necessary equipment needed for a DRG trial?
• What structure does the lead pass through to access the DRG in the neural foramen?
• Which lead lengths are included in the MRI expansion?
• Is the Proclaim DRG system designed to be full body like the SCS Proclaim system?
• When optimizing programming in Burst, amplitude should be decreased by what percentage of the energy required for patient perception?
• Which two structures make up the central nervous system (CNS)?
• What is the role of the stabilizer nub during sheath preparation?
• What type of pain is characterized by a painful response despite a non-painful stimulus?
• For devices like SCS, FDA approval signifies what?
• At which level is the DRG largest?
• What is the design of the ACCURATE IDE study?
• Out of the total contacts on the penta lead, how many are considered independent?
• What does the maximum implant depth of 4cm signify for the Proclaim DRG IPG?
• What is a common outcome of seeking FDA approval for medical technology?
• What are the two curve sizes available for the Axium Delivery Sheath?
• Which layer of the meninges is the outermost layer covering the CNS?
• What is the primary goal of tunneling during the implant procedure?
• How many leads can the DRG IPG accommodate?
• Which types of reusable probes are offered for sale?
• What is the overall width of the penta paddle?
• When marking landmarks for the R side L2 DRG, which location is marked first?
• What is the function of the slim tip lead in the sheath during the procedure?
• How many channels or ports does the NT2000 have?
• Which measurement unit is used to determine pulse width in electronic systems?
• Where is the dorsal CSF thickest due to the kyphotic curve?
• What does the medial pathway primarily control?
• What is the expected clinical outcome for a patient with CRPS type II showing significant neuropathic pain without sympathetic symptoms?
• What key advantage does the penta lead provide through its design?
• Which feature allows the ProclaimXR SCS system to be used safely in conjunction with MRI scans?
• How can the gauge of a needle be determined?
• What are the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) levels associated with groin pain?
• In the new configuration, what is one benefit of the independent contacts on the penta lead?
• What does upgradeability refer to in the context of IPGs?
• What does SCS stand for in the context of FDA approval?
• Among the traditional stimulation parameters, which one has the most direct effect on nerve stimulation?
• Which of the following best describes neuropathic pain?
• How many bones are typically found in the thoracic spine?
• What key new feature did the Proclaim XR IPG offer when it launched in 2019?
• According to findings, which stimulation type is superior at affecting overall VAS scores in the SUNBURST study?
• What does the acronym RFA stand for?
• For a patient experiencing burning and stinging pain down both extremities, which type of pain would they be considered a good candidate for neurostimulation?
• Which delivery method is characterized by maintaining a continuous flow?
• What gauge are the epidural needles used for SCS leads?
• What was the design of the SUNBURST study?
• What characteristic does the BurstDR capability of the ProclaimXR system provide?
• What procedure involves the partial removal of the lamina?
• What is the primary rule when troubleshooting RFA issues?
• Which technology provides the ability to change electrode configurations with active amplitude?
• What percentage of patients preferred BurstDR over tonic SCS in the SUNBURST study?
• Is a grounding pad required when using a bi-pole or dual lesion setup?
• According to the findings, why is the BoldXR dosing protocol used?
• What do you ensure about the lead/guidewire before tightening the sheath stabilizer?
• Where can the tip of the lead now be located without restrictions?
• In a good x-ray of a penta lead, where should the paddle be placed?
• What type of CRPS is indicated by a patient with one swollen and painful foot?
• What aspect of the penta lead's design contributes to its efficacy?
• If a patient experiences neuropathic pain in the right foot after an ankle sprain, coupled with sympathetic symptoms, what type of CRPS are they likely experiencing?
• In the context of electrical systems, how is amplitude measured?
• Where should the grounding pad be placed in relation to the treatment site?
• What is the length and gauge of the needle with model number SL-C-1010-20?
• What is the FDA indication for DRG?
• Which of the following tools is essential for tunneling in a DRG procedure?
• In the ACCURATE IDE study, what was the primary objective?
• If resistance is encountered while advancing a lead in an SCS trial, what might you suggest?
• What distinguishes the ProclaimXR SCS system regarding its compatibility with existing technology?
• What is the average deviation of the midline of the spinal cord found in Dr. Holsheimer's study?
• What is the primary reason a patient with intermittent aching pain relieved by sitting is not a good candidate for neurostimulation?
• What is one of the key characteristics of chronic pain that distinguishes it from acute pain?
• Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other nerve cells?
• What could happen if a device is marketed without FDA approval?
• Where is the EPG base accessory kit commonly found in a DRG setup?
• When should a physician position the left lead during intraoperative testing?
• What is a significant negative aspect of using monopolar cautery in surgeries involving IPGs?
• What is an appropriate method to decrease the amplitude for Burst programming?
• For every 30 minutes in active scan time, how long is the wait time for Boston Scientific and Medtronic?
• What is a notable effect of BurstDR stimulation regarding pain pathways?
• What is the maximum implant depth of the Proclaim DRG IPG?
• What term describes pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally cause pain?
• What is the typical duration of chronic pain?
• What is the amplitude setting recommended for DRG programming?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of chronic pain?
• Which therapeutic option should NOT be considered for a patient with CRPS type when no sympathetic symptoms are present?
• Which of the following scenarios indicates a possible CRPS diagnosis involving persistent pain and sympathetic changes?
• What happens to the neurons during BurstDR stimulation?
• Where is the DRG located?
• Which of the following is a necessary product for a DRG perm?
• What type of approval does SCS specifically require from the FDA?
• What are the default settings of RF generators for creating lesions in terms of temperature and time?
• What needle angle should the physician take to access the epidural space at T12-L1?
• If a patient is not responding to Burst, what action should be taken regarding the pre-defined parameters?
• Was the Axium battery MRI conditional for head and extremities?
• What term describes the direction toward the head in anatomical terms?
• Which of the following chronic pain conditions can be treated using spinal cord stimulation?
• What was a key takeaway from the BOLDER study?
• Which chronic pain condition is characterized by severe pain after surgery and is commonly treated with neurostimulation?
• What innovation has been applied to the lead tip location in the recent updates?
• Following electrical stimulation of the DRG, what change is observed in membrane excitability?
• At what temperature does tissue damage begin?
• How many pulses are contained in a BurstDR pulse train?
• What signifies the MRI conditional nature of the Proclaim DRG system at levels T10-S2?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical consideration for FDA approval of a device?
• How many patients were enrolled in the SUNBURST study?
• What type of lesion is made at the distal electrode during the Simplicity procedure?
• What does BurstDR stimulation primarily affect in the nervous system?
• Which algorithm helps in managing power distribution in the RF procedure?
• For both back and leg pain, which lead placement is recommended?
• What does the white band indicator signify regarding the use of a swift-lock anchor with a penta lead?
• If a patient has experienced damage to the left peroneal nerve post-surgery and exhibits extreme neuropathic pain without sympathetic symptoms, what is their diagnosis?
• How should a patient be positioned for an SCS procedure?
• What is the torque capacity difference between the SCS and DRG torque wrenches?
• What percentage of the implanted-only group reached the primary endpoint at 3 months?
• What is a possible reason for not getting paresthesia in the low back of a patient with low back pain?
• What type of pain is characterized by tissue damage and subsequent chemical release that the brain perceives as pain?
• What is the purpose of diagnostic nerve blocks before the RF procedure?
• In what gauges are our needles available?
• In anatomical terms, what does the term "caudal" refer to?
• Which type of pain originates from dysfunction or disease of the nervous system?
• How did the dosing results vary in the Bold clinical study?
• If a lead is found to be anterior on a lateral image, what should be done?
• Which part of the spinal column is formed by fused bones?
• What is the maximum implant depth of the Eterna IPG?
• In sensory mode testing for lumbar RFA, what is the doctor looking for?
• How does BurstDR stimulation affect the nervous system?
• What are the three layers of the meninges?
• What is the BOLD guarantee related to?
• The amplitude required for patient perception should be set to what threshold?
• What is the primary function of the T-junction in this context?
• Which of the following is classified as nociceptive pain?
• Which lead accommodation capability of the DRG IPG is true?
• Which was the total number of patients randomized in the SUNBURST study?
• What is the recommended energy level to be maintained for BurstDR according to the BOLD guarantee?
• How many lesions are created using the Simplicity device?
• Which of the following features is important for the swift-lock anchor?
• What are the available lengths for needles mentioned?
• What item is NOT taken into the operating room for a permanent SCS octrode case?
• What is the function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
• What therapy is appropriate for a patient with right foot pain and sympathetic symptoms after back surgery?
• What is the indication of the anode in electrical terms?
• What are the available lengths for DRG sheaths?
• Can the torque wrench included with the SCS system be used interchangeably with the DRG system's torque wrench?
• Which of the following describes one of the types of RF delivery methods we offer?
• What is the primary purpose of medical devices that receive FDA approval?
• What is one key finding of Dr. Holsheimer regarding the spinal cord's anatomy?
• What is the recommended setting for an electrosurgical device when using a Proclaim implant?
• What materials are the electrodes on perc and paddle leads made from?
• What was demonstrated by the SUNBURST study regarding BurstDR stimulation?
• Which DRG lead type is MRI conditional?
• What type of neurons are responsible for transmitting impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands?
• Which group of bones is found at the top of the spinal column?
• An injury to the ilioinguinal nerve would be classified under which type of CRPS?
• What types of stimulation are used to confirm the needle and probe's desired location?
• How does FDA approval impact patient safety?
• What is the curved tip needle used for SCS leads called?
• Which of the following factors is prioritized in the FDA approval process?
• What role does clinical data play in the FDA approval process?
• Which electrodes should be positioned under the pedicle during the procedure?
• Which of the following is a benefit of FDA approval for medical devices?
• Most MRI scan times are longer than how many minutes?
• At which vertebral levels should the electrodes be placed for back pain?
• Which aspect of the ProclaimXR SCS system directly impacts patient comfort during use?
• Which layer of the meninges adheres directly to CNS tissue?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of lesion pattern used with the Simplicity device?
• Which anatomical location corresponds to the DRG levels L3-L4?
• How many patients were enrolled in the ACCURATE study?
• What is the main purpose of a laminectomy?
• Which of the following activities should patients avoid during a trial period to prevent lead migration?
• What is a key difference between the NT2000 and the Ionic generator?
• What is the first step in prepping the Proclaim IPG with the scrub tech before lead insertion?
• What factors did the BOLDER study find no results in?
• How many vertebral levels below should the laminectomy be performed when placing a Penta paddle at T8?
• What is a significant benefit of the ultra low BurstDR settings found in the BOLDER study?
• What condition is characterized by an increase in response to a stimulus that is normally painful?
• What color represents 10cm electrodes?
• What does the RF generator primarily do during the procedure?
• What programming parameter significantly affects battery consumption in devices?
• Which feature of the ProclaimXR SCS system contributes to its long-term use without the need for recharging?
• The tunneling for a permanent implant connects which two sites?
• Which responsibility is crucial to protect IPGs during surgery?
• Did the ACCURATE study include patients with chronic pain of the upper limbs?
• Is it necessary to check a lateral image if the physician parks the leads perfectly midline?
• What lengths of epidural needles can be ordered for accessory kits?
• Which of the following is a key feature of the swift-lock anchor?
• What does Surgery Mode do for the IPG?
• What is Abbott's competitive advantage for the new MRI expansion?
• Which implantable pulse generator (IPG) is part of the MRI expansion?
• How many patients received a tonic trial before being implanted with an SJM device in the SUNBURST study?
• What is the order of the first two lesions created using the Simplicity?
• What are the programming default settings when programming Burst?
• What is the electrode array width for the penta lead?
• What was indicated about BurstDR stimulation's effectiveness over a 6-month period in the Bold clinical study?
• Why are contacts on the penta lead micro-textured?
• Which patients were primarily included in the ACCURATE study?
• In the case of a 35-year-old female with right knee causalgia showing minimal improvement after a tonic trial, what is the best option for treatment?
• At 12 months, what percentage of the implant-only DRG stimulation group achieved the primary endpoint for pain relief?
• Which pain might be caused by conditions like Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and is typically treated with neurostimulation?
• What does the black marker on the hub of the Axium system needle indicate?
• What is a characteristic of chronic pain as defined in the ACCURATE study?
• What RF power restrictions apply to Proclaim XR and 60cm octrode leads?
• What ratio was used for subject allocation in the ACCURATE study?
• What is a benefit of the BOLD guarantee in regard to the ProclaimXR SCS system?
• What is the advantage of pulsed RF?
• What are the characteristics of the BurstDR waveform?
• Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is indicated for which of the following?
• What should be done to set screws while prepping the Proclaim IPG?
• What is the main reason for ensuring leads are posterior when placed in the epidural space?
• What happens to the area of activation when amplitude is increased?
• How deep can the Proclaim IPGs be implanted without issues related to pocket pain?
• What differs between Proclaim 5 and Proclaim 7 models?
• What defines an action potential within a neuron?
• RFA is intended to decrease or stop pain originating from which type of joints?
• How many contacts does the penta lead have in total?
• In which procedure is only one side of the lamina removed?
• What should be done with excess lead before placing the IPG in the pocket?
• When identifying a chronic pain state, what characteristic of the DRG is significant?
• What is the first step in the removal process for the delivery system?
• What percentage of patients remained on the lowest dose using only 1.8 hrs/day in the Bold clinical study?
• What is the percentage of the control group that achieved the primary endpoint for pain relief at 12 months?
• What is the range for pulse width supported by the SCS Proclaim IPGs?
• For lead placement at T10-L3, where is the skin entry typically located?
• What is crucial to avoid during the tunneling process for a permanent implant procedure?
• How is a complete removal of the lamina described?
• During the RF procedure, how long should the lesions be maintained at the default temperature?
• At what spinal levels is the Proclaim DRG system MRI conditional?
• What unit is frequency measured in?
• How many columns are there on the penta lead?
• What does FDA stand for?
• If one of your leads is anterior/ventral on a lateral X-ray, is it permissible to leave that lead in that position?
• Does running the RF generator at a temperature below 45 degrees have any measurable effect?
• How many leads can the DRG EPG accommodate?
• The T-junction acts as what type of component in the system?
• What is the maximum target amplitude you should set for Burst?
• Who are the major competitors for Neurotherm Abbott?
• What is the purpose of the white markers on the delivery sheath?
• What is the size of the lesion created by a venom electrode/cannula compared to a 16g needle?
• What was the dosing protocol used in the BoldXR program?
• Which of the following is not a feature of Proclaim Elite?
• What is the primary purpose of using RF generators in medical procedures?
• The DRG sits in which aspect of the neural foramen?
• Which term refers to specific areas of skin that correspond to particular nerve connections of the spine?
• What is the function of the arachnoid mater?
• Where can the IPG be placed to ensure MRI conditional parameters are met?
• What is the total number of rows present in the penta lead?
• Which organization provides FDA approval for treatments like spinal cord stimulation?
• According to spinal anatomy, how many bones are found in the lumbar region?
• What are the recommended programming parameters for the DRG pulse width?
• Which of the following products contains a DRG torque wrench?
• What is the active tip measurement of the SL-C-1010-20 needle?
• What dosages did the Bold clinical study show relieved pain while maintaining therapeutic effect?
• What lengths of Axium systems needles are available for DRG?
• What is the first step in preparing the sheath for the procedure?
• What is the purpose of the suture grooves on the swift-lock anchor?
• What should be the approach if a patient does not respond adequately to Burst stimulation?
• When a physician asks for the C-arm to tilt cephalad, what are they aligning?
• What is the second lesion produced by the Simplicity device known as?
• Is the old Axium IPG a rechargeable IPG?
• Which term describes the factor of device upgradeability in the ProclaimXR SCS system?
• Which type of causalgia is typically associated with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)?
• Which organization grants the approval for SCS?
• What was the primary endpoint of the SUNBURST study?
• According to the Budapest criteria, which of the following is NOT considered a sympathetic symptom of CRPS?
• How does the needle trajectory for L4 and L5 compare to T10-L3 levels?
• How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) challenge neuromodulators?
• What is a common therapeutic approach for patients experiencing CRPS type I after an ankle injury with sympathetic symptoms?
• Which of the following is NOT a product that contains a DRG torque wrench?
• After placing leads in the T7-T8 region, is it always necessary to obtain a lateral image?